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Thermally-Activated Technologies
Reports
Publications & Presentations
- Fischer, John C. and James R. Sand, “Field Demonstration of Active Desiccant Modules Designed to Integrate with Standard Unitary Rooftop Package Equipment,”, April 2004, ORNL Subcontractor Report, ORNL/SUB-01-40000081030.
- Sand, James R., and John C. Fischer, “Active Desiccant Integration with Packaged Rooftop HVAC Equipment,” International Congress of Refrigeration, Dec. 2003, Washington, D.C.
- Henderson, Hugh I. Jr., and James R. Sand, “An Hourly Building Simulation Tool to Evaluate Hybrid Desiccant System Configuration Options,”, ASHRAE Trans. 2003,Vol. 109, Pt. 1, in press.
- Henderson, Hugh I. Jr., Adam C. Walburger, and James R. Sand, “The Impact of Desiccant Dehumidification on Classroom Humidity Levels”, ASHRAE Trans. 2002, Vol. 108, Pt. 2, pp. HI-02-2-2.
- Fischer, J. C., J. Sand, and B. Elkin, “Active Desiccant—Total Energy Recovery Hybrid System Optimizes Humidity Control, Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in an Existing Dormitory Facility,” ASHRAE Trans. 2002, Vol. 108, Pt. 2, pp. HI-02-2-1.
- Fischer, John C., and James R. Sand, “Documenting the Effectiveness of Cosorption of Airborne Contaminants by a Field-Intstalled Active Desiccant System,” November 2002, ORNL SUB/62X-SV044V/2d.
- Fischer, John C. and James R. Sand, “Active Desiccant Dehumidification Module Integration with Rooftop Packaged HVAC Units,” March 2002, ORNL/SUB/94-SV044/3b.
- Miller, Jeffrey, Andrew Lowenstein, and James Sand, “The Performance of a Desiccant-Based Air Conditioner on a Florida School,” ASHRAE Trans. 2002, Vol 107, Pt 1, pp. AC-02-4-1
- Vineyard, Edward A., J. R. Sand, and David J. Durfee, “Performance Characteristics for a Desiccant System at Two Extreme Ambient Conditions, “ ASHRAE Trans. 2002, Part 1, pp. AC-02-4-2
- Sand, James R., Edward A. Vineyard, and Joseph A. Peitsch, “Developing a Standard Method of Test for Packaged, Solid-Desiccant-Based Dehumidification Systems,” ASHRAE Trans. 2002, Part 1, pp. AC-02-4-3
- Jalalzadeh, Ali, J.R. Sand, and E.A. Vineyard, “Characterization of Heat Recovery Wheels in Thermally Regenerated Desiccant Systems Utilizing Evaporative Cooling,” Proceedings of NHTC: 34th National Heat Transfer Conference, August 20-22, 2000, Pittsburgh, PA.
- (with others) U.S. Patent # 6,220,033 B1, Universal Thermochemical Energy Converter,” April 24, 2001.
- Jalalzadeh, Ali, J.R. Sand, and E.A. Vineyard, “Characterization of Heat Recovery Wheels in Thermally Regenerated Desiccant Systems Utilizing Evaporative Cooling,” Proceedings of NHTC: 34th National Heat Transfer Conference, August 20-22, 2000, Pittsburgh, PA.
- J. Sand, S. Fischer, and V. Baxter, “Comparison of TEWI for Fluorocarbon Alternative Refrigerants and Technologies in Residential Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners,” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 105, Part 1, pp. 1209-1218. January 1999.
- Vineyard, E. A., J.R. Sand, and D.J. Durfee, Parametric Analysis of Variables that Affect the Performance of a Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment,” ASHRAE Trans., Vol 106, Part 1, 1999.
- J. Sand, S. Fischer, and V. Baxter, “TEWI Analysis: Its Utility, Its Shortcomings, and Its Results,” Proceedings of the Taipei International Conference on Atmospheric Protection, September 13-14, 1999.
- Sand, J.R., et al, “Moving Advanced Desiccant Materials into Mainstream Non-CFC Cooling Products,” July 1999, C/ORNL 94-321.
- V. Baxter, S. Fischer, and J. Sand, “Global Warming Implications of Replacing Ozone Depleting Refrigerants,” ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 40, No. 9, September 1998, pp. 23-30.
- Sand, J. R., S. K. Fischer, and V. D. Baxter, Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies: Executive Summary, AFEAS/DOE Phase III Final Report, AFEAS Program Office, The West Tower, Suite 400, 1333 H Street NW, Washington DC, 20005, USA, 1997.
- Sand, J. R., S. K. Fischer, and V. D. Baxter, Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies: TEWI Phase 3, AFEAS/DOE Phase III Final Report, AFEAS Program Office, The West Tower, Suite 400, 1333 H Street NW, Washington DC, 20005, USA, 1997
- J. Sand, S. Fischer, and V. Baxter, “Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies: TEWI-III,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, pp. 145-154, June 12-13, 1997.
- S. Fischer, J. Sand, V. Baxter,“Global Warming Impacts of Ozone-Safe Refrigeration, Heating, and Air Conditioning Technologies,” 1997 International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies, Baltimore, Maryland November 12-13, 1997.
- Vineyard, E.A. and J. R. Sand, “Experimental and Cost Analyses for a One Kilowatt-Hour/Day Domestic Refrigerator Freezer,” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 103, Part 2 (1997), pp. ????, Boston ASHRAE Meeting – Paper BN-97-702.
- S. Fischer and J. Sand, “Total Environmental Warming Impact (TEWI) Calculations for Alternative Automotive Air Conditioning Systems,” Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition, pp. 105-115, February 24-27, 1997.
- S. Fischer, J. Sand, V. Baxter,“Global Warming Impacts of Ozone-Safe Refrigeration, Heating, and Air Conditioning Technologies,” 1997 International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies, Baltimore, Maryland November 12-13, 1997.
- S. Fischer and J. Sand, “Total Environmental Warming Impact (TEWI) Calculations for Alternative Automotive Air Conditioning Systems,” Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition, pp. 105-115, February 24-27, 1997.
- J. Sand, S. Fischer, and V. Baxter, “Energy and Global Warming Impacts of Next Generation Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies,” Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies, pp. 449-457, 1996.
- Levins, W., J.R. Sand, V. Baxter, and R. Linkous, “Measured Effects of Retrofits—A Refrigeran Oil Additive and A Condenser Spray Device—On the Cooling Performance of a Heat Pump,” Proceeding of the 10th Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, May 13-14, Fort Worth, 1996, Texas, pp. 69-77.
- Labinov, S.D. and J.R. Sand, An Analytical Method of Predicting Lee-Kessler-Plucker Equation of State Binary Interaction Coefficients,” International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 16, No. 6, November 1995, pp. 1393-1411.
- S.D. Labinov and J.R. Sand, U.S. Patent #5,392,606, “Self-Contained Small Utility System,” Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, February 28, 1995
- J.R. Sand S.K. Fischer, “Modeled Performance of Non-Chlorinated Substitutes for CFC-11 and CFC-12 in Centrifugal Chillers,” Research Project RP2891-14-Final Report, October 1995, ORNL/M-4825.
- J.R. Sand and J.J. Tomlinson, Incorporation of Mixed Refrigerant Property Routines into the Refrigerant Hydraulic Analysis Program (REHAP),” 1995, ORNL/M-4826.
- J.R. Sand, E.A. Vineyard and R.H. Bohman, “Improving the Efficiency of Refrigerators in India,” 1995, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 101, Pt. 2, pp. 1225-1238.
- E.A. Vineyard, J.R. Sand, and R.H. Bohman, “Evaluation of Design Options for Improving the Energy Efficiency of an Environmentally Safe Domestic Refrigerator-Freezer,” 1995, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 101, Pt. 1., pp. 1422-1430.
- J. Sand and S. Fischer, “Modeled Performance of Non-Chlorinated Substitutes for CFC-11 and CFC-12 in Centrifugal Chillers,” International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 40-48, 1994.
- J.R. Sand, E.A. Vineyard and R.H. Bohman, “Investigation of Design Options for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Conventionally Designed Refrigerator-Freezers,”1994, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 100, Pt. 1, pp. 1359-1368.
- J.R. Sand, S.K. Fischer and J.A. Jones), “Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis and Lee-Kesler-Plöcker Interaction Coefficients for Several Binary Mixtures of Ozone-Safe Refrigerants,”1994, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 123-129.
- J.R. Sand and S.K. Fischer, “Modeled Performance of Non-Chlorinated Substitutes for CFC-11 and CFC-12 in Centrifugal Chillers,” 1994, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 40-48.
- S.K. Fischer, and J.R. Sand, “Screening Analysis for Chlorine-Free Alternative Refrigerants to Replace R-22 in Air Conditioning Applications,” 1993, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, Pt. 2, pp. 627-635.
- Sand, J.R., E.A. Vineyard and V.D. Baxter), “Laboratory Evaluation of an Ozone-Safe Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture in a Lorenz-Meutzner Refrigerator Freezer Design,” 1993, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, Pt. 1, pp. 1467-1481.
- Sand, J.R., and C.K. Rice, “Compressor Calorimeter Performance of Refrigerant Blends, 1993, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, Pt. 1, pp. 1447-1466.
- Sand, J.R., C.K. Rice and E.A. Vineyard, “Alternative Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycles for Domestic Refrigerators,” 1992, ORNL/M-2270.
- J. Conklin, E. Granyrd, and J. Sand, “Advantages of Enthalpy-Temperature Diagrams for Nonazeotropic Mixtures,” Proceedings of the XVIIIth Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, 1991, Quebec, Canada, August 10-17.
- Sand, J.R., E.A. Vineyard and R. J. Novak, “Experimental Performance of Ozone-Safe Alternative Refrigerants,” CFC Alternatives, ASHRAE Technical Data Bullentin, 1990, Vol. 6, No. 1, American Society of Heating Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE, 1741 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA.) pp. 66-75
- Sand, J.R., E.Vineyard, and R.Nowak, "Experimental Performance of Ozone-Safe Alternative Refrigerants," 1990, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol.100, Pt. , pp. 173-182.
- Sand, J.R., J. C. Wendschlag, U. S. Patent # 4,829,786, "Flooded Evaporator with Enhanced Oil Return Means, Assignee: American Standard Co., New York, May 16, 1989.
- E. A. Vineyard and J.R. Sand, "Selection of Ozone-Safe, Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures for Capacity Modulation in Heat Pumps," 1989, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 95, Pt. 1.
- E. A. Vineyard and J.R. Sand, "Evaluation of Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures for Capacity Modulation," pp. 47-54 in Proceedings of the 2nd DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Conference, Washington, DC, August 1988, CONF-880/4100.
- F. A. Creswick, S. K. Fischer, and J.R. Sand, "Potential Impacts of CFC Restrictions on Refrigeration and Space Conditioning Equipment," 1988, Int. J. Refrig., 11, pp. 217-221..
- Sand, J.R. and Dale Andrjeski, "Combustibility of Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), 1982, ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 38-40.
- (with C. O. Huber), "Determination of Silicate, Phosphate, and Sulfate by Calcium Atomization Inhibition Titration," Anal. Chemica acta, 87, 79, 1976.
- Sand, J.R. and C. O. Huber, "Differential Constant Current Potentiometry for Analysis by Kinetics," Analytical Chemistry, 42, 238, 1970.
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